Noun

reference (plural references)

  1. (semantics) A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.
  2. a measurement one can compare to
  3. information about a person, provided by someone (a referee) with whom they are well acquainted
  4. (academic writing) A previously published written work within academic publishing, used as a source for theory or claims referred to which are used in the text.
  5. (programming) An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself.

Derived terms

Related terms

From Wiktionary under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Mon Aug 23 13:43:41 2010

A reference, or a reference point, is the intensional use of one thing, a point of reference or reference state, to indicate something else. When reference is intended, what the reference points to is called the referent.

General Examples

Some general examples are:

  • the name Jane Doe used to identify a particular woman;
  • a traffic sign warning of an upcoming turn-off;
  • a wedding ring indicating a certain kind of relationship; and
  • samples of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.

References are indicated by sounds (like onomatopoeia), pictures (like roadsigns), text (like bibliographies), indexes (by number) and objects (a wedding ring); but endless concrete and abstract methods can be used intentionally. This includes methods that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

The following sections give specific usages of reference in different subjects.

From Wikipedia under the GNU Free Documentation License
Thu Sep 2 18:55:06 2010

How to word a reference letter for a bad employee using euphemisms?
Q. I am helping my boss write a letter of reference for an ex-employee who was a lazy, unintelligent alcoholic. How can I word it so that the reference is neutral- not too sarcastic or mean but not positive, either? Funny wordplay is a plus. Um, please don't take this question so seriously. I'm very aware of the law on negative references but would like to make a euphemism-laden reference anyway, if for no other reason than to make my boss laugh but not actually send out.
Asked by GallopingGrasshoppers - Tue Sep 18 22:24:40 2007 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Typically, bad employees are not entitled to a letter of reference. I don't know if this is true for all states, but in my state you are only really allowed to tell someone that a person is not rehirable. Giving a description, even in funny wordplay which does anything else can get you sued. You might want to check into the situation in your state before you write your letter. However, regardless of anything else, it is poor taste to write an ambivalent letter of reference. It is the employer's choice to write one or not write one and if someone was a bad employee than they should simply be told they will not be receiving a reference.
Answered by lkydragn - Tue Sep 18 22:36:25 2007

How do i get my reference if i had start a club?
Q. Who should i ask for the reference? What is this person going to write in my reference? is it useful for university?
Asked by Great G - Sat Sep 12 23:33:01 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. When you request a recommendation, ask in a straightforward way. Explain what you are applying for and ask if the person can provide you with a good recommendation. If someone exhibits any uneasiness about providing you with a strong recommendation, be polite, thank him or her for their time and then look elsewhere. Choose someone who: Can provide a well-written letter Knows you well enough to be credible Thinks highly of you and your abilities Holds a respected position Keep in mind that the recommender is doing you a favor and has a busy schedule with other commitments. Make sure you allow enough time so that he or she can provide you with a well-written and effective letter. Letters required for admission to post-graduate studies are… [cont.]
Answered by RLO - Tue Sep 15 15:56:23 2009

What is the reference pressure for a decibil for music programs like garageband?
Q. Given that a decibil is a logarithmic unit, if the reference pressure were the smallest that a human ear could hear, I believe (unless I'm mistaken) that that would mean if the pressure equaled the reference pressure, 0 decibils would be virtually inaudible. However, in garageband, 0 decibils is clearly very clearly audible. If that is the case, what is the reference pressure used in such programs?
Asked by Mr. Politics - Fri Aug 25 21:46:15 2006 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. You are entirely correct, except for the part about "garageband." The problem here is that there are two ways to use decibels. One way is as a purely relative measure. The ratio of two different signal or sound amplitudes can be expressed in decibels. This requires no absolute calibrations. This is the only thing that "Garageband" can do, because there is no calibration. However, if you have an expensive calibrated microphone you can measure absolute sound pressures that we call "decibels Sound Pressure Level" or dB SPL. In this case, 0 dB SPL is barely audible. The reference pressure is 2e-10 bar rms (1 bar is about 1 atmosphere) or 2e-05 Pascal rms. If I remember correctly, this is the same as an acoustic intensity of 1e-12… [cont.]
Answered by Tom H - Fri Aug 25 23:41:28 2006

From Yahoo Answer Search: "reference"
Sat Sep 4 00:06:41 2010

Craic Release New UV-Visible-NIR Spectrophotometer for Your Microscope - Azom.com
azom.com
Craic Release New UV-Visible-NIR Spectrophotometer for Your Microscope - Azom.com
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Current Pure Price Reference Levels To Watch On Dow SP500 And NASDAQ - istockAnalyst.com (press release)
istockanalyst.com
Current Pure Price Reference Levels To Watch On Dow SP500 And NASDAQ - istockAnalyst.com (press release)
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PAML Partners with Providence Health & Services, California to Expand ... - PR Newswire (press release)
prnewswire.com
PAML Partners with Providence Health & Services, California to Expand ... - PR Newswire (press release)
Tue, 31 Aug 2010 21:49:53 GMT+00:00
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From Google News Search: "reference"
Sat Sep 4 09:16:54 2010

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Topeni
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[source page]



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[source page]

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From Yahoo Image Search: "reference"
Sat Sep 4 09:16:54 2010

Ultimate Ears announces $999 In-Ear Reference Monitors and $19.99 ...
techkicker.com
Ultimate Ears announces $999 In-Ear Reference Monitors and $19.99 ...

Techkicker

hu, 02 Sep 2010 07:21:00 GM

Ultimate Ears is pushing out a tag team of in-ear earphones that clearly demonstrates the heights (and depths) the Logitech-owned company is willing to scale. See the original post: Ultimate Ears announces $999 In-Ear . Reference. Monitors ...

From Google Blog Search: "reference"
Sat Sep 4 00:06:41 2010

Top Gear Season 15 Episode 5
videos.​streetfire.​net
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Sun, 25 Jul 2010 12:27:00 PDT

Top Gear July 25 2010 ... videos.streetfi​re.net.

Lecture -1 Emergence of Networks & Models
youtube.com
Lecture -1 Emergence of Networks & Models

Sun, 04 May 2008 22:17:31 PDT

Lecture Series on Computer Networks by Prof. S.Ghosh,Departm​ent of Computer Science & Engineering, IIT,Kharagpur. For more Courses visit nptel ... youtube.com.

 - Best Day In Detroit
youtube.com
- Best Day In Detroit

Thu, 24 Jun 2010 07:44:43 PDT

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From Google Video Search: "reference"
Sat Sep 4 00:06:39 2010